Private Property and the Rule of the Middle Class in Aristotle’s Politi

Private Property and the Rule of the Middle Class in Aristotles Politics In his discussions of constitutions and cities in Politics, Aristotle makes it very clear that his top priority is to provide people with the opportunity to pursue and achieve the good life. An integral billet of this is the constancy of the constitution. Although Aristotle explicitly states that a kingship is the outflank system of rule for all given generation, its lack of stability from one generation to the next disqualifies it from being the best in reality. In his attempts to find a constitution with stability, Aristotle comes to the decision that the centre class would be the ruler of such a constitution. This, he says, will minimise the corruption that can easily take place within the rich or the poor, and will ensure lasting stability. In order to enable the middle class to take a role of power, Aristotle entirelyows them to obtain wealth, and more specifically private propertya h uge diversion from the opinion of Aristotles mentor, Plato install forth in the Republic. Towards the beginning of Aristotles discussion about the different constitutions, he makes the claim that in certain situations, a kingship is the most virtuous of all types of government. There may, however, be a particular sort of society in which absolute kingship ought to be instituted. This is the sort of society in which one family, or person, is of chastity so outstanding as to surpass all the other(a) membersthere should be absolute kingship (III.17). When Aristotle speaks about virtue, describes a constitution as good, or issues any other form of praise, he is almost always speaking about the ability of the constitution to provide its citizens with t... ...a luxury but a necessity for the stability of the just city, and the pursuit of the good life. Aristotles arguments for the rule of the middle class and the existence of private property are very convinci ng. He successfully shows that a government, which best allows its citizens to live the good life must necessarily be stable. To achieve that stability, those who rule should be chosen because of their ability to maintain control when other classes challenge them, and for their reluctance to corrupt and start ruling for their own self-interest. The middle class was the obvious choicethe poor and rich could never unite to upgrade an effective challenge. In order for the middle class to have the potential to rule, wealth, luxury, and specifically property must be allowed. Aristotles arguments for all of these things are solidly grounded and correct.

Affirmative Action - Public Opinion vs. Policy :: Affirmative Action Racism Discrimination Essays

approving Action - Public Opinion vs. PolicyWhen Justin Ketcham, a white college student from the suburbs, thinks about approbatory action, he thinks about what happened when he displace out lettersseeking scholarships so he could attend Stanford University after being acceptedduring his senior year of high school.The organizations that wrote back told himtheir money was mute for women or minorities. To Americans like Ketcham,its a matter of fairness. The average white male will claim that its not fairto attempt to rebalance scales by balancing them the separate way. Students likeKetcham are also more likely to claim that affirmative action is a programgeared towards curtailing workplace prejudices that really dont existanymore.But when Hillary Williams, a black insurance company manager from theinner-city, thinks about affirmative action, she thinks about the time she hadto train three consecutive white male bosses for a demarcation that no one evenapproached her about filling. To her, its also a question of fairness.African-Americans like Hillary feel that there is just no other was besidesaffirmative action to level the playing field in certain businesses.And so thedisparity in public opinion begins. A racially-divided America creates separategroups, which Affirmative Action issue taps a fundamental cleavage in AmericanSociety (Gamson and Modigliani 170)--each with their own view of affirmativeaction on diametrical sides of the line. Government attempts to create policybased upon the voice of the people but affirmative action seems to present analmost un-solvable dilemma. Traditionally, it had been a policy that wasgreatly scrutinized for its quotas and alleged unfairness towards Blacks, but atthe same time it had also been praised for its inherent ability to helpminorities gets jobs they deserve but could not obtain otherwise. So how do wereach a happy medium so-to-speak? In American political culture, it appearsas though individualism and egalitaria nism are values that find themselves onopposite ends of the political battlefield.In a complex world of political ideology and political culture are sets ofvalues and principles that are widely endorsed by politicians, educators, themedia and other opinion leaders that make up the definition of what is to beAmerican (Feldman and Zaller). Some favor the values of individual freedom,especially individual scotch freedom, over other values, especially equalityand popular sovereignty (egalitarianism). These people are labeled Conservatives.The other side of the spectrum consider themselves as Liberals (Feldman andZaller).Because we live in a meritocracy created by the strong forces ofcapitalism, there is a tendency for people to fall behind either in the economyor in the academician community.

Melbourne, Australia :: essays research papers

Melbourne, one of the most beautiful citys in the world. I have traveled through the USA, Canada & the Bahamas, and still, I find Melbourne is the greatest. In 1981 I was innate(p) in a New South Wales mid-coast town of Port Macquarie. I lived there until I was the age of four, and thats when we made the move to Victoria.I grew up in Kew, a suburb of Melbourne, not far from the actual city. Most of my family lived there, and was the main cause for the move. I went to school and met lots of friends. N azoic every night my friends and I would desexualise to repulseher and go to the local car park and roller-blade for a few hours before going to 7-11 for a Slurpee.I look back at those days, and see how Melbourne was in the 80s and archeozoic 90s. Old buildings and great friendly people. Still, Melbourne has all of this, as sanitary as new developments, such as new multi-million dollar entertainment complexs. over the past 5 years, Melbourne have brought us the all new Exhibition Bu ilding and of course, the Crown Casino. This was a great move for the Kennett government, as it proved to be successful with the un-employment problem. It didnt stop the problem, but it sure did help it. The casino complex is not only for gambling, it is also a great place for teenagers to go the movies or even the special area for arcade games, sort of a side show alley. Crown also contains 2 nightclubs and is host to many international bands. In 1997, the decision was made to start construction of the Docklands stadium, for football and cricket, much bigger then the MCG. Construction is underway and it should be complete in the year 2000.As hygienic as all these new constructions, Melbourne is home to a lot of well known events. The Ford Australian Tennis Open, is one of the biggest with thousands of international visitors annually. Biggest of them all, has got to be the Australian Formula 1 Grand Prix. It was only a few years ago that Melbourne got this wonderful event, as it us ed to be held in the streets of Adelaide. It is now set along the banks of Albert Park Lake. Moomba is an event which every Victorian, cant wait for. Its an annual event, held at the same time as the Grand Prix, and has been biggest festival since around the early 60s.Melbourne, Australia essays research papers Melbourne, one of the most beautiful citys in the world. I have traveled through the USA, Canada & the Bahamas, and still, I find Melbourne is the greatest. In 1981 I was born(p) in a New South Wales mid-coast town of Port Macquarie. I lived there until I was the age of four, and thats when we made the move to Victoria.I grew up in Kew, a suburb of Melbourne, not far from the actual city. Most of my family lived there, and was the main cause for the move. I went to school and met lots of friends. Nearly every night my friends and I would get together and go to the local car park and roller-blade for a few hours before going to 7-11 for a Slurpee.I look back at those days , and see how Melbourne was in the 80s and early 90s. Old buildings and great friendly people. Still, Melbourne has all of this, as well as new developments, such as new multi-million dollar entertainment complexs. over the past 5 years, Melbourne have brought us the all new Exhibition Building and of course, the Crown Casino. This was a great move for the Kennett government, as it proved to be successful with the un-employment problem. It didnt stop the problem, but it sure did help it. The casino complex is not only for gambling, it is also a great place for teenagers to go the movies or even the special area for arcade games, sort of a side show alley. Crown also contains 2 nightclubs and is host to many international bands. In 1997, the decision was made to start construction of the Docklands stadium, for football and cricket, much bigger then the MCG. Construction is underway and it should be complete in the year 2000.As well as all these new constructions, Melbourne is home t o a lot of well known events. The Ford Australian Tennis Open, is one of the biggest with thousands of international visitors annually. Biggest of them all, has got to be the Australian Formula 1 Grand Prix. It was only a few years ago that Melbourne got this wonderful event, as it used to be held in the streets of Adelaide. It is now locate along the banks of Albert Park Lake. Moomba is an event which every Victorian, cant wait for. Its an annual event, held at the same time as the Grand Prix, and has been biggest festival since around the early 60s.

Response to Article College is a Waste of Time and Money Essay

The key and initial forces/ ciphers that help children receive a good education ar p arents support, the childs confidence, and the drive to learn. In The Joy of Reading and Writing Superman and Me, Sherman Alexie demonstrates each characteristic, strives through obstacles and shines through it all. According to therapist, Anna Robinson, the first and key factor in children receiving a good education is parents support. Anna discovers that when children come into her office, one key initial common thing the children posse is lack of hearing their parents encourage what they are doing and not pushing them enough. For example, in The Joy of Reading and Writing Superman and Me, Alexies dad doesnt say anything but encourages Alexie with by collecting books from everywhere. Alexie taught himself how to enter first by reading Superman comic books. Now the word reading has parentheses around it because Alexie looks at the pictures and assumes what Superman is doing and saying. I look at the floor above the picture. I cannot read the words.. Aloud, I pretend to re...

Ozone Season Just Ahead :: essays research papers

With ozone season just around the corner, big cities everywhere ar getting worried about low visibility and magnified allergies. The season begins Monday, May 1st and extends through September 30th. Jilayne Jordan, Spokesperson for the Georgia Department of Transportation says that, Elderly people, kids with asthma or allergies and people who act outdoors that when theres a smog alert day, its extremely hard on the lungs. Mark Ressler, Senior Meteorologist at The Weather Channel, says brook can worsen the problem. The stagnant conditions of summer can make it worse. You get into the same pattern where the spread mass isnt changing. You build up air matter day to day. You get those steely-gray skies and visibility goes down, he said. That means large cities including Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Atlanta are prime targets. Atlanta, in particular, is facing a backlash non just from the environment but from the government as well. According to Jordan, the Federal government h as frozen transportation bills because the southern city is not in compliance with current air quality standards, set by the Environmental Protection Agency. We didnt address it when we first realized and now were remunerative the price, said Jordan. The reason, big cities are so vulnerable to ozone season is a simple matter of numbers. Jordan says that Its becoming a problem where there are a lot of people and a lot of cars. Industries are a problem to. With so many residents suffering from allergies, the conditions can be very uncomfortable. Strategies knowing to improve the atmosphere by reducing emissions include carpooling, traveling at non-peak hours, combining trips, biking or walking, and topping off gas tanks after dark. One of the biggest contributors to brusk air quality is the building of roads and the use of cars. So if an area cannot comply with the health-based air quality regulations, the government isnt going to provide funds to continue to build roads that will just worsen the problem, said Beth Osborne, Policy Analyst for the Southern Governors Association.

Ozone Season Just Ahead :: essays research papers

With ozone season just around the corner, big cities everywhere are getting dysphoric about low visibility and magnified allergies. The season begins Monday, May 1st and extends through September 30th. Jilayne Jordan, Spokesperson for the Georgia Department of Transportation says that, Elderly people, kids with asthma attack or allergies and people who exercise outdoors that when theres a smog alert day, its extremely hard on the lungs. Mark Ressler, sr. Meteorologist at The Weather Channel, says weather tail assembly worsen the problem. The stagnant conditions of summer can make it worse. You get into the same pattern where the air mass isnt changing. You build up air matter day to day. You get those steely-gray skies and visibility goes down, he said. That means large cities including Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Atlanta are prime targets. Atlanta, in particular, is liner a backlash not just from the environment but from the government as well. According to Jordan, the Federal government has frozen transportation funds because the southerly city is not in compliance with current air quality standards, set by the Environmental Protection Agency. We didnt address it when we first realise and now were paying the price, said Jordan. The reason, big cities are so vulnerable to ozone season is a simple matter of numbers. Jordan says that Its becoming a problem where there are a lot of people and a lot of cars. Industries are a problem to. With so many residents suffering from allergies, the conditions can be very uncomfortable. Strategies designed to improve the atmosphere by reducing emissions include carpooling, traveling at non-peak hours, combining trips, biking or walking, and topping off splatter tanks after dark. One of the biggest contributors to poor air quality is the building of roads and the use of cars. So if an area cannot comply with the health-based air quality regulations, the government isnt going to provide funds to continue to buil d roads that will just worsen the problem, said Beth Osborne, Policy Analyst for the Southern Governors Association.

Disease Trends and Healthcare Delivery Essay

Statistics make the world go round, liter all toldy. A certain population or ethnicity and their disease trends can authentically stool an effect on what can happen in the future for our health rush systems. Demographics and Disease trends can go hand in hand with iodine another because disease trends are so constant and unnoticeable that it continues daily, in that locationfore having a particular group being bear uponed by the same disease. some(prenominal) pot do not believe it, but all you have to do is look at the statistics and you will then see how gr eat uply they affect one another. To break things d consume, demographics are groups of peck with a common link, such as age, gender, race, education level, income level, steady marital level, and etc. When in an environment where colligate are similar or the same, the same trends start to bring forth picked up as rise, linking you inside the range of your demographics. Environment plays a big role in demographics as wholesome. If you live in the same neighborhood or community as someone, you are linked to that person no matter how small of enormousness it is. With everyone doing the same trends which come to them bid ha turns, they may never go away until they know that it is a problem. Environment happens to play a role as well when it comes to demographics.Environment happens to play one of the main roles. Habits become hard to break because of the type of environment you around. Who, what, and the things that you are surrounded by happen to make up part of your environment, and it becomes hard to control when you go away used to it and things become normal to you. An example would be you stop by McDonalds every twenty-four hour period to get a Sunday just as a snack for the day. If that McDonalds was not so c pull away to you, you would probably not have picked up the habit to steal an ice-cream. When you have so much or an environment surrounded by you that comes natural or that you s ee as being natural, it does not seem like eitherthing to you because you do it in your everyday life. These things can affect your health and can affect the future of healthcare if gone unnoticed for so long. Even mass play a big role in your environment. An example would be say you had a significant other. He liked to eat out all the times, but you liked home cooked meals because that is what you were used to, but one day you said you did not feel like cooking and you at out.The one day changed everything and now you eat out just as much as your significant other and have begun to gain weight. It has become a habit for you to eatout every day even though it seems so easy to stop. Well, that takes us to our next topic, fleshiness rates have gone up significantly throughout the join States. Of all countries, the United States has the highest rate of obesity. United States obesity rates have gone up from 13 percent in 1962 and estimates have increased to 19.4 percent in 1997, 24 .5 percent in cc4, 26.6 percent in 2007 and 33.8 percent for adults and 17 percent for children in 2008. 2010 reports from CDC were said that numbers were still change magnitude counting 35.7 percent of the total American population for adults were obese and 17 percent of American children. Factors affecting obesity would be none other than environment. The occurrence that the United States has so many fast food ser misdeeds people cannot help but to get dragged into being obese. Food is always in their faces or else they see someone else eating and crave it as well. fleshiness has accounted for 100,000 to 400,000 deaths in the United States per year.It has increased healthcare use and expenditures. Obesity rates has cost fellowship about 117 billion dollars in direct and indirect costs. It has exceeded the health care cost and will continue if obesity rates continue to go up. Obesity rates happen to be ore that that of the smoking and drinking rate and accounts for 6 percent to 12 percent of national health care expenditures in the United States. To reduce obesity rates, people can try switching up their everyday environments by going to a gym, going to a track, or even by just going to the grocery store and buying much than healthy foods to cook and it. If people were to exercise as much as they eat, obesity rates could be lowered. The fact that children see things and grow up eating things they shouldnt grows with them. Obesity rates could change in the future if children were taught to eat more healthy foods and not just foods that just taste good. There are so many things that people can do to reduce their own obesity rate.They can exercise three times a week and also eat healthier. Overall living a healthier lifestyle would help greatly. changing the people around you as well can help. Choose to be around people that care about their health a lot or care about their health just as much as you do. You could always have a workout buddy, someone that will encourage you to lose weight. Even the fact of knowing that you could possibly be obese leading to more and more diseases can trigger something in someone to make them hope to become a bit healthier. In the future of health care in the United States, there is really no way oftelling whether obesity rates will go down, but they could possibly go down drastically if the government, communities, societies, schools and cities come together annually and create awareness and activities that encourage people to lose weight, stay fit, and become healthy. Age can affect the U.S health care systems just as much obesity can. There are more modern medicines to help with diseases that were in the past. Lets face it now that we have more modernized medicines and machinery, people are living longer than they were 200 and 300 years ago. Today 40 one thousand million people in the United States are ages 65 and older.The number is to more than double to 89 million by 2050. The United States h as a smaller share of older person than many developed countries, and its populations are graying at a slower pace. Environment in spades plays a role. People are aging slower inside the United States because of more and more technology being implemented within the health care system. At this rate everyone will live until they are 100. It is not a bad thing to live a long life, but it does get harder when you get older and it often puts a burden on health care systems as well. The reason being is because elderly are more likely to be in high demand of healthcare and, acquiring help is expensive. The aging trend is likely to increase due to environmental factors. The more and more people that get older, the more and more nursing homes, and back up living facilities begin to be built in order to help support the elderly. Retirement homes, assisted living facilities, nursing homes, happen to play a huge role in the United States.These homes often need a lot of co-workers as well which is really needed and in demand. Things that could be done to reduce health complications related to to aging would be living a healthy lifestyle no matter how old you are, and possibly make health care a little less expensive. Avoiding disease is the number one way to avoid getting complications in life when aging. Possibly choose a health plan that implements preventive health care and always get monthly and y early(a) screenings that could be recommended by your doctors. Health care preservation will most likely adapt to the United States environment in the future to provide care for age- related health issues by implementing more preventative care, making sure that everyone has health care coverage or are able to get it. Doctors and nurses need to be good at their jobs as well in order to catch even the hardest complications.There needs to be morehospitals willing to accept a broad range of health issues and of course the number one thing would be price reduction. Health care will become a bit better than what it is now especially with the HITECH act in which is trying to put good use of information technology within hospitals, and physicians offices. As long as technology is always improving, the healthcare system improves as well. Health care delivery for obesity adaptation may get worse before it gets any better in such that people will not realize their issues until it is too late. In doing so this will trigger a movement within the United States that would make people want to change and teach their children as well. Health classes will begin to be implemented into elementary schools very early to teach children what are good foods and what arent.Instead of having soda machines and vending machines, machines are just going to be light snack machines and juice. In conclusion, healthcare delivery will change no matter what the case is. People play a big role in the future of health care and vice versa. With that being said, the only way for better adap tations would most probably be people actually wanting to change and more research within the world. With research, there comes, new inventions, with new inventions, there comes better technology to have in order to play roles within our lives. In order for change to occur within the future of health care, there has to be a change within people. When people decide to get up and take preventative measures within their own lives, and then their children life will then be when they decide to help the future of health care.ReferenceJacobsen, L. (2009). Americas Aging Population. Retrieved from http//www.prb.org/Publications/PopulationBulletins/2011/americas-aging-population.aspx (2013). Obesity in the United States. Retrieved from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_States Statistics Related to Overweight and Obesity. CDC. 2006. Retrieved 2009-01-23 F as in Fat How Obesity Policies are Failing in America, 2008, Trust For Americas Health, pp. 1011. Note Defines overweight a s BMI 25, obese as

Statistical Process Control Assigment

Task1 Describe two basic types of inspection used in sampling for emergence control and explain two actiones at your keep comp whatsoever that could benefits from each type of inspection. In you answer gives the physical exertion of division expected from that crop. Answer 1- There are two types of info inspection which are on a lower floor 1. Variable or continuous subdue 2. Attri onlye or discrete scale 1. Variable or continuous information inspection The variable entropy inspection is the type of inspection which varies time to time and it is the scale of measurement for any demonstrate used in unlike industrial process as well as in our daily life.In variable data inspection there is non breakup between the process. Which means the variable data scale always substitute with the time. Examples Temperature, distance, Analogue signal, Acceleration, Velocity, Weight etc. account 1- As we know that the analogue signal always varies the set from zero to its maximum de termine with the diametric periods of time. Analogue signal start from zero value and its goes to high peak and then after that its values become low which goes to minimum to zero. This congressman shows that this type of inspection is always continuous with time. precisely we should be remembering that in variable data inspection the value always was remaining continues. 2- In some separate example suppose a cooking oil company selling the different type of oil drums into market. Then we differentiate each(a) these drums in local anesthetic shop by checking their size , weight, volume, shapes, capacity. 2. Attribute data inspection In is scale of measurement in any process which should not be vary or continue. The specify data inspection scale is measured by checking their tint. For example pour quality, bad , accept, and good , yes or not.Examples 1- For example we want to purchase a motorbike in showroom. So then we do not need to look its engine power or its speed and ot her features. notwithstanding we will be choosing that looks good for us. But in case of attribute data inspection we need to reveal its entirely features. For example its model or its engine power capacity which make motorbike different from other models. Also by looking its more than traces. 2- Suppose a company producing different type of intersection like a pen etc. Then in attribute data inspection scale we just look and carry any of them.But we will consider its quality, and their writing life time. The above both scale of measurement are necessary in industrial but much time we give the priority to variable data scale because it is important that to get more success in our products quality. And checks the product every social function by using the attribute data scale. For example today a wads company producing the electronics components which are used in printed circuit board for electronics industry design. But to make off the hook(predicate) ricking operation of any electronics devices we must check the components life time, materials quality, its temperature.Which make the circuit operation more achievementive and increased the circuit finally stability. So thus why by using the attribute data inspection our product will work more efficient. Which also keep the customer talented and satisfy? But we used the other type of inspection at this stage then we work more change that our business or product goes in loss and its reduce the customer unhappy and keep tear market value over all. Task 2 Describe distinctly the significance of infixed and assignable causes of variation. Answer There are two type of variation which is below. Natural or common cause of variation Explanation This type of variation is actually happened in system by automatically or naturally. But the effects of this variation in process is low than other variation. All these variation automatically generated and effect the process because nature of system. For example in electronics field we can fall upon that are too many natural variation which normally involves in the system and change the system output overall. The rays of sun, industrial noise etc which often affect the transistors and change its current.All these variation is inheriting the process. But a main thing is how we keep our process our process away from this natural variation. check to my ingest point of view this is only required to characterize the system which can decrease effect of natural variation in process. This can be done when we select a good group and team management skills. 2-Assignable variation or special cause of variation The special or assignable variation is the type of variation which occurred in process by different method for example the change of the environment, neglect of attention of operator or problems in machine.So assignable variation is not generated automatically in process but all these variation cause when you see some problems in machine or the lack of attention of the operator who do not have extra skill to properly handle it or used it. So we need to check the environment as well because the change of environment unawares can also affect our result. By qualification some good decision and applying some strategies we can eliminate the assignable variation in process. It is blowsy to avoid the special cause of variation in system comparatively naturally variation. Task 3Explain the purpose of modified control limits for variable data inspection A control limits is very important for any process to run in right direction. By controlling limits narrow our figure will be look more effective and perfect. The wider control limit is the signe which show the project is going to be fail. Which means there are lots of variations in project which can effect our product as well. It does not matter that how much project is big or large, but main thing is in project that how we can handle the limits by the using good technic al skill or scientific method.So by controlling the limits of variation in our process our project will be run more smooth and can keep satisfy of our customer and increase products quality through output methodology. Figure -1 Control limit diagram The above figure -1 is basic diagram of a control limit chart of any process. Where we can see tow course of instructions. The upper line is called upper control and lower line is called lower control limit line and between them there is one more line which is called average line or vegetable marrow line.If for example if we increased the distance of upper and lower control limit lines then its much vexed to us to find the error in our process, because the variation in our process is very high. So we have maximum chance that our project will be damage at any stage. If we see less distance between upper and lower limit lines then we can say our process is infra control or project is stable. Which means there is nothing wrong in our system which damages our project to its success? If the data is fall down out size these two control lines then we should be know that some things is wrong in our process which take us to the damage.In the process is in control and process statistic is normal, 99. 7300% of all the points will fall between the control limits. Any observation outside the limits, or systematic pattern within, suggest the debut of a new and like unanticipated source of variation, known as special cause variation. Since increased variation means increased the quality costs, a control chart (signalling) the presence of a special cause requires immediate investigation. This makes the control limits very important decision aids.The control limits tell you about process behaviour and have not intrinsic relationship to any specification targets or engineering tolerance. In practice , the process mean (and hence the centre line) may not coincide with the specified value or target of the quality characteristi c because the process design simply cannot deliver the process characteristic at the desired level. The purpose of control charts is to allow simple detection of events that are indicative of the actual process change. This simple decision can be difficult where process characteristic is continuously varying.The control chart provides statistically objective criteria of change when change is detected and considered good it is cause should be set and possibly become the new way of working, where the change is bad then its cause should be identified and eliminated. Task no 6 p3. 1, p3. 3, 4. 2 According to my experiment in class the data collected by taking the length and diameter measurement. In all of the 25 readings I draw a distribution chart and according to that chart most of the values of length of dowels are in between 29. 81mm to 30. 00mm and then the 2nd most common values are in 30. 1mm to 30. 20mm while the rest of values are in between 29. 00mm to 29. 80mm. As shown in b elow figure 1. 1 As wake in this SPC chart 1. 1 where the data is moving away from the mean line which mean there is something happening wrong in the process but it is still in control so we need to check it out properly in prepare to get bet product of dowel from process. SPC chart 1. 1 Similarly I draw some control chart relating to dowels diameter and no of dowels in which I can see that most of the data existing near to the mean value but there is two point which is point A and point B as shown in the SPC 1. where the data is moving away from the mean line which mean there is something happening wrong in the process but it is still in control so we need to check it out. SPC 1. 2 In figure 1. 2 the data shown in the chart tells us that the most of the data is below the mean line but is in control but if the process going in the same direction then after some time we can see that all those points which are near to mean line moving away from it and it cross the lower limits and i t become uncontrollable. SPC 1. 3 In figure 1. the chart for the diameter of the dowels shows that the most of the diameter of the dowels are between 7. 81mm to 8. 00mm then the 2nd most common value of diameter is existing between8. 01mm to 8. 20mm, while the remaining values are in between 8. 21mm to 8. 40mm , 7. 60mm to 7. 80mm and 8. 61mm to 8. 90mm. Task 7 P2. 5 p3. 3 Recommendations to the manufacturing manger on how to control the dowel production process. This could be in the form of a control program. Answer The manufacture manger is person who is responsible to control the all sort of variation in dowel production in process system.Because without knowing variation which can effect the dowel performance cannot be improve the process of dowels. First of all the manger should be know that what kind of variations can effect system of dowel during their measurement or during the process of dowels. As i mentioned in beging that there are two kinds of variations which can pert ain in system and it can damage the system of dowel. These two variation are very common , and production manger need to control them by using some wise step. These two variations are given below. * Common cause of variation Special cause of variation The first kind of variation in dowel production can be effect by the nature of system. Because all these kinds of variation is actually generated automatically. So the manger should be making a list in which he need to write all kinds of common cause variation. Here are some given some example of common cause variation * Inappropriate procedures. * Poor design. * Poor maintenance of machines. * Lack of clearly defined standard operating procedures. * Poor working conditions. e. g. lighting, noise, dirt, temperature, ventilation. * Machines not suited to the job. Substandard raw materials. * Measurement error. If the above variation happens in production of dowel then the manufacturing manger should be control by applying different stra tegies. For example they need to use some new and good error less equipment which can show proper measurement of dowel. Also he needfully to check the raw materials in the production of dowel. Always try to use the good materials and should be provide safe working environment to their employees. According to my own opinion the work environment can play an important role in dowel production plant.If the manger implement some role in plant then they can improve both quality and workers performance in order to get best performance of their production. Because a happy work place or environment is productive office or place weather all employees put their efforts to improving the quality. Often time the engineers / works compound their ability when their management provide them safe and secure atmosphere. The assignable variation cannot affect the system by automatically but these all variation effect the process of dowel by unusually. Here are some examples of assignable variations * O perator absent. Poor adjustment of equipment. * Operator falls asleep. * Faulty controllers. * Machine malfunction. If all above the variation is control by the manger during the dowel production then they have very less chance to be fail of their product. This process is called the statistical process control, if system is in under control then in SPC chart show the how line is close to mean lines. But any of above variation affects the system and which is not control then the process is called out of control. Which show that there are some problems which may be lack of attention of operator or used by faulty equipments.Always he should be draw some SPC charts in which he can judge all kinds of variations by putting their values as we I given the example in above SPC charts. The production manger needs to use these tools and techniques in order to improve quality of dowels. The tools and techniques most commonly used in process improvement are Problem solving methodology, such as DRIVE mathematical operation mapping Process flowcharting Force field analysis Cause & effect diagrams CEDAC Brainstorming Pareto analysis Statistical process control (SPC) Control charts Check sheets hindrance charts Scatter diagrams Matrix analysis Dot plot or tally chart Histograms All above tools and technique help the manger to improve the dowels quality in process system. Below diagram 1. 5 most power full tools or techniques which enable to manger that he needs to look all of them to improve the process. Regulators Error less equipment or Machine Human Skills and experience Knowledge Output Controls Input Process Of dowel Physical Site mechanised Service Product Internal Data Supplies External Raw materials Capacity Resources Standard References http//www. businessballs. com/dtiresources/TQM_process_improvement_tools. pdf

Psychological Motives for Becoming a Terrorist Essay

IntroductionSuicide bombing, a major terror strategy of terrorists is, if non the most, one of the most grue well-nigh numerals anybody can commit. It is outright imbalanced and stupid. One must be beside the normal to be entertaining such a thought in genius. Ironically, fanatics who have committed and attempted suicide bombings in the past, were deemed normal until the day when the execution of their ultimate plans were made public whether foiled or completed. People who be afflicted with mental disorder whitethorn, as opposite people, travel for the same reasons vacation, visiting friends or relatives, business, recreation, and sometimes for religious or spiritual focus (Miller & Zarcone, 1968). Others indeed may travel for reasons other than the normal for reasons triggered by malformed mental state such as the men who carried out the 911 attack of the Twin Towers in New York.Along the 911 attack, suicide bombing through and through aircraft came to prominence resulting in the stirring of the awargonness among the international public of the fact that the regular traveler might not be that regular anyway. It is probable that some of them are driven by excessive anger or motivated by utopic hope as taught in the communities wherein they have pledged their life commitment (Silke, 2003). Just a few months ago, upon the return of former Pakistani Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto to her home country, 124 were killed and 320 plus got injured as a result of another(prenominal) suicide bombing. The bomber threw grenades among crowds of people and afterwards blasted himself to death (CNN update, Oct.18, 2007).Its difficult to think of sensible reasons why a sane individual (if that individual was ever considered sane by his colleagues) has committed such an act in the first place. To spend and expend ones self for a terrible cause is commendable only if they benefit people outside ones own community. Its never an ideal to advance a righteousnesss cause a t the expense of the lives of other people. A suicide bomber is demented in that unconstipated in the logic of religion, all religions presupposed a benevolent god who is both powerful and loving. at that place must be distortions somewhere within the suicide bombers mind to have associated the act of delivering a bomb and acts of piety.Rationale of the argumentUnderstanding mental wellnessThe majority of theories and models of human behavior fall into one of two basic categories internecine perspective and external perspective. The internal perspective considers the factors inside the person to understand behavior. People who subscribe to this view understand behavior as psychodynamically oriented. appearance is explained in terms of the thoughts, feelings, past experiences and pick outs of the individual. The internal processes of thinking, feeling, perceiving and judging lead people to act in specific ways. This internal perspective implies that people are opera hat underst ood from the inside and that peoples behavior is best interpreted after ground their thoughts and feelings (Jourad, 1963).The other category of theories takes an external perspective. This focuses on factors outside the person to understand behavior. External events, consequences of behavior, environmental forces to which a person is subject, are emphasized by this external perspective. A persons history, value system, feelings and thoughts are not very important in interpreting actions and behavior. Kurt Lewin for instance considered both perspectives in saying that behavior is a function of both the person and the environment (Tiffin,& McCormick, 1958). humans is a social being and as such his record is viewed from the society and culture where he belongs. A society maps a geographical aggregate and has boundaries, standardised government or a group of persons in meaningful interaction and engaged in social relationship.Personality is the individualizing traits of man which c onstitute his singularity and notice him from any other human being. The three determinants of personality 1 biological heritage which has direct influence on the development of personality. This includes musculature, the nervous system, and the glands 2 E.Q. factor describes qualities like understanding ones feelings, empathy for the feelings of others, and the regulation of emotion in a way that enhances living (Gibbs, 1995) 3 environmental factors. Taking everything normal, environment plays an important role in personality development.Environmental factors are cultural environment, social environment, home and family, culture, status and role and social agent. Many of mens pronounced stirred-up state of mind such as fear, anger, disgust, and contempt, have posed the question, why? What has caused such a reaction? What has brought a change to his/her behavior? What is the frustration that has brought about such behavior? In the world of a suicide bomber, he/she contemplates on v arious input or stimuli from the world he/she evolves in. in that location are frustrations of every form and even without these, his/her psyche or mental state functions on the basis of anything he/she receives (actively or passively) from the milieu. Lifes problems are numerous and as long as one is alive and kicking he will always be faced with problems, be they big or small. Such problems stir-up ones emotions or feelings which maybe pleasant or unpleasant.Physiological problems, environmental problems, personal deficiencies and psychological concerns bring on a variety of responses some predictable, others are not. Disorganization of family life, rebellion of personality brought about by depression, great personal suffering, any of these may take any person beyond the limits of his tolerance. Man is born in a social environment surrounded by cultural norms and values. He is faced with cultural taboos and acceptable social behavior. Numerous environmental factors come to the f ore which may or may not be easily overcome. One of the most difficult problems in this area is ones cultural dos and fatherts. Environmental frustrations cannot be avoided, for there are always certain factors in a persons growth and achievement. Psychological or internal problems are the most difficult to resolve as they are within the inner feelings of a person.One may not be able to detect his/her concerns/anxieties through his /her overt behavior. It may only be inferred from what his/her inner thoughts and feelings are but will not know what caused such a feeling. Psychological concerns of various forms represent a more serious threat to the personality of the individual than do environmental pressures. If severe enough, they may create considerable emotional tension with accompanying behavior disorders. Reacting to pressures and other concerns such as frustration varies from person to person because of their personality differences. These reactions maybe defensive, neurotic o r psychotic.Most people are philanthropic to people who develop physical ailments, but regard an individual with mental disorder as crazy. At this juncture, does a suicide bomber then be considered a person with a mental disorder or deemed as crazy? definitions of mental health vary considerably. Freud when asked what he thought a normal, goodly person should do well replied love and work. Karl Menningers (1956) definition is quite similar to Freuds. He statesLet us define mental health as the adjustment of human beings to the world and each other with a maximum of effectiveness and happiness. Not just efficiency, or just contentment, or the grace of obeying the rules of the zippy cheerfully. It is all together. It is the ability to maintain an even temper and happy disposition. This, I think, is a healthy mind.When we therefore, try to define mental health, we have in mind the adjustment process which an individual brings into force when he is faced with a problem situation. Adj ustment is defined as an individuals manner of reacting or responding adequately to a perceived problem. From the stand topographic point of mental health, adjustment refers to a happy and socially acceptable response to lifes situations. genial health therefore, is the ability of the individual to function effectively and happily as a person in ones expected role in a group and in the society in general. It is a condition of the whole personality and is not merely a condition of the mind as is a great deal supposed. It is an out-growth of ones total life and is promoted or hindered by day-to-day experience, not only by major crises as some assume (McCllelland et al, 1973).Mental health is the capacity to live harmoniously in a changing environment to face and solve ones problems in a vivid manner to accept the inevitable, and to understand and accept ones own shortcomings as well as the shortcomings of others. In this sense, people who develop and encourage jihad or any terroris tic ideas and brainwash others to do the same, are seen people who do have unrealistic way of looking at life and their experiences. They are normally classified as people having delusions of grandeur among others. This term refers to people who experience a bloated sense of importance or missions and oftentimes associated with corresponding persecution complexes (Jourad, 1963). They therefore contain also a sense of anxiety that some people are out there to cut off their goals and obstruct their missions.Their resolve to deliver their guide aims is even stronger the reason for their methodical and systematic way of doing things. Since they cannot accept that they must co-exist with people whose beliefs radically differ from theirs, they accept the notion that annihilation is a solution and dying a martyrs death to ensure this goal is the ultimate sacrifice. This kind of mindset comes only from a frame of thinking that has been uncovered only to a few options in fact, only very narrow options. That option is the radical Islamic alternative and nothing else. When living in this world, co-existence is not just something that is talked about inside the halls of the academe co-existence signifies a mindset that is healthy as well and free from disorders.Mental health is a matter of degree. There is no hard and fast line that separates health from illness. It is not a simple matter to divide the population into two distinct groups-those who should be institutionalise and those who should not be. Many of us at one time or another exhibit traits and pattern of behavior which if, accentuated and continuous, would necessitate psychiatric care (Jourad, 1963).though radical a thought this may seem, and naturally sounds unrealistic, the ideal place is to set monitoring and evaluation of mental hygiene at some point in time. How to do this is going to be a big issue, expectedly. However, terrorism and the likes of suicide bombing can probably be controlled in some dr y way by referring to them as idiosyncratic, delusional or even possessing mental disorders. Another way of classifying them is through the Diagnostic Statistical Manual IV (DSM) mixture system these people are versions of psychopaths or psychotics because the symptoms are there and they cannot function normally among any general population.Towards developing a Strategy or hinderanceSince the argument of this paper stands on looking at the acts of a suicide bomber as acts emanating from someone with mental illness, it follows that approaches to its reduction or elimination be provided or examined as well. There are three ways of looking at developing and establishing a strategy or intervention the preventive, therapeutic, and the curative Kolb et al, 1974). There are subtleties that engulf these three but it is good to explore these dimensions. The preventive approach is based on the principles that the best way to ensure a well-balanced individual is to surround him with environm ental influences that will enable him to develop his full potentialities, to obtain emotional stability, and achieve personal and social adequacy.The therapeutic aspect is implicated with the attempt to correct minor behavioral adjustments through the various counseling and techniques of psychotherapy, or adjust to the social/or physical environment of the person in order to help him obtain the amount of emotional security and self-confidence necessary. The curative approach is sometimes called preventive psychiatry and is concerned with the detection and subject area of serious but curative but behavioral maladjustments.Although this is the work of a trained clinician or psychiatrist, it is helpful for the layman to have at least a fundamental knowledge of the major types of behavioral maladjustments in order that he/she may have a basis in determining behavioral maladjustments that need the attention of competent specialists. It is therefore necessary, on a serious note, that pu blic awareness on the nature of mental illness on a chain of mountains such as that of the course taken by the suicide bombers, coupled with detection of signs and symptoms by neighboring homes and those in the community, help diminish the threat. There are of course other paths or strategies to follow, but why not take all that is available to ensure our security (Kolb et al, 1974).References1. CNN, Breaking News, October 18, 2007. www.cnn.com2. Gibbs, Nancy. 1995. EQ Factor cartridge clip International, October.3. Gordon, Harvey, Mike Kingham, Tony Goodwin. Air travel by passengers with mental disorder. Psychiatric Bulletin (2004) 28295-297. The Royal College of Psychiatrists.4. Jourad, Sydney, 1963. Personal Adjustment. 2nd Ed. New York MacMillan Company.5. Kolb, David & Ralph K. Schwitzgebel. 1974. Changing Human Behavior Principles of Planned Intervention. New York McGraw-Hill Book Company.6. McCllelland, David C. & R.S. Steele. 1973. Human Motivation A Book of Readings. Morr istown, New Jersey, General Learning Press.7. Menninger, Karl in Taylor, David, 2003. The concept of mental health in children. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. Steinkopff. Volume 12, Number 3. Pp.107-113.8. Miller, W. B. & Zarcone, V. (1968) Psychiatric behaviour disorders at an international airport. Archives of Environmental Health, 17, 360 -365.9. Silke, A. (2003). The psychology of suicide terrorism. In Terrorists, Victims and union (ed. A. Silke), pp. 93 -108. Chichester Wiley.10. Tiffin, Joseph and Ernest McCormick J. 1958. Industrial psychology. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey Prentice Hall, Inc.

Buddha’s Brain

in the SPOTLIGHT Richard J. Davidson and Antoine Lutz Buddhas Brain Neuroplasticity and Meditation I n a recent visit to the United States, the Dalai Lama gave a speech at the Society for Neurosciences annual meeting in Washington, D. C. Over the past some(prenominal) years, he has helped recruit Tibetan Buddhist monks for and directly encouragedresearch on the mind-set and supposition in the Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and expression at the University of WisconsinMadison.The findings from studies in this unusual sample, as well as related research efforts, suggest that over the course of meditating for tens of thousands of hours, the long-term practitioners had actually altered the organise and federal agency of their brains. In this article we discuss neuroplasticity, which encompasses such alterations, and the findings from these studies. Further, we comment on the associated signal bear upon (SP) challenges, the current status, and how SP can contribute to advanci ng these studies. WHAT IS NEUROPLASTICITY?The term neuroplasticity is employ to describe the brain changes that lapse in solution to experience. There atomic number 18 many different mechanisms of neuroplasticity, ranging from the growth of new connections to the creation of new neurons. When the framework of neuroplasticity is utilize to meditation, we suggest that the mental training of meditation is fundamentally no different than other forms of skill acquisition that can induce plastic changes in the brain 1, 2. WHAT IS speculation? The term meditation refers to a broad variety of practices, ranging from techDigital Object Identifier 10. 109/MSP. two hundred7. 910429 niques designed to promote relaxation to exercises, performed with a more farreaching goal such as a heightened sense of well-being. It is thus essential to be specific about the type of meditation practice under investigation. In 3, meditation was conceptualized as a family of complex frantic and perplexit yal regulatory strategies create for versatile ends, including the cultivation of well-being Buddhist Vipassan? and Mah? mudr? , a a a and are also involve in many popular secular interventions that draw on Buddhist practices.FINDINGS OF BRAIN CHANGES IN MEDITATION In what follows, we summarize the changes in the brain that conk during each of these styles of meditation practice. Such changes include alterations in patterns of brain usage assessed with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), changes in the cortical evoked response to visual stimuli that reflect the impact of meditation on attention, and alterations in amplitude and synchrony of highfrequency oscillations that probably play an important role in connectivity among widespread circuitry in the brain.EXPERIMENTAL SETUP The experiments described below that measure hemodynamic changes with fMRI require a high-field-strength magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner equipped with the appropriate impetus sequences to acquire data rapidly and with the necessary fiber optic stimulus delivery devices so that visual stimuli can be presented to the bailiwick while he or she lays in the bore of the magnet. For the studies that measure brain electrical bodily function, a high-density recording system with between 64 and 256 electrodes on the sell surface is used.FA MEDITATION A recent study 4 used fMRI to interrogate the neural correlates of FA (continued on page 172) THE TERM NEUROPLASTICITY IS USED TO DESCRIBE THE BRAIN CHANGES THAT OCCUR IN RESPONSE TO EXPERIENCE. and emotional balance. Here we focus on dickens common styles of meditation, i. e. , focused attention (FA) meditation and open monitoring (OM) meditation. FA meditation entails voluntarily focusing attention on a chosen object in a sustained fashion. OM meditation involves nonreactively monitoring the content of experience from moment to moment, primarily as a means to recognize the nature of emotional and cognitive patterns.OM m editation initially involves the use of FA training to calm the mind and reduce distractions, but as FA advances, the cultivation of the monitoring skill per se becomes the main focus of practice. The aim is to reach a state in which no explicit focus on a specific object is retained instead, one remains only in the monitoring state, attentive moment by moment to anything that occurs in experience. These two common styles of meditation are often combined, whether in a single session or over the course of a practitioners training.These styles are found with some variation in several meditation systems, including the 1053-5888/08/$25. 002008IEEE IEEE betoken touch MAGAZINE 176 SEPTEMBER 2007 in the SPOTLIGHT y=4 continued from page 176 % T2 trueness Times2 Versus 1 50 40 30 20 10 0 ? 10 Novices Time1 Practitioners PZ P3b to T1 420-440 ms 0 10 1,000 F-Values ms Novices Practitioners r=? 0. 68, p=. 001 amygdala 0. 2 0. 1 0 ? 0. 1 ? 0. 2 10 20 30 (a) V 20 ? 20 20 ? 20 20 ? 20 20 ? 20 20 ? 20 20 ? 20 (d) 40 50 r=? 0. 64 Time2 +5? V ? 5? V ? 200 Blink No-Blink T1 T2 ?5 ? 4 ? 3 ? 2 ? 1 0 1 2 3?V T1-Elicited P3b Amplitude Time2 Versus 1 (c) (b) F3 Fc5 Cp5 F4 Fc6 Cp6 V2 500 ccc 100 0 Blocks 50 Resting State 100 Meditative State (e) 150 Time (s) % 100 45 0 Controls % 100 45 * * % 80 Practitioners * * * * * 40 0 Ongoing Initial Base simple eye Baseline (g) Meditation State * Controls Practitioners * * 0 * 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 (f) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 FIG1 Neuroimaging and neurodynamical correlates of FA and OM meditations. (a) Relationship between layer of meditation training (in years) and hemodynamic response in the amygdala (in blue) to distractor sounds during FA meditation in long-term Buddhist practitioners.Individual responses in the right amygdala are plan (adapted from 4). (b) The reduction in P3b amplitude (a brain-potential index of resource allocation) to the first of two target stimuli (T1 and T2) presented in a rapid stream of distracter stimuli after three months of intensifier Vipassan? meditation 5. (c) Generally, the greater the reduction in brain-resource allocation to T1 was a over time, the better able an individual became at accurately identifying T2 (adapted from 5 ). d)(e) Example of high-amplitude da Gamma activity during a form of OM meditation, nonreferential compassion meditation, in long-term Buddhist practitioners 6. (e) Time course of gamma (2542 Hz) activity power over the electrodes displayed in (d) during four-spot blocks computed in a 20-s sliding window every 2 s and then averaged over electrodes. (f) Intra-individual analysis of the ratio of gamma to slow oscillations (413 Hz) averaged crossways all electrodes during compassion meditation. g) The significant interaction between group (practitioner, control) and state (initial baseline, ongoing baseline, and meditation state) for this ratio. meditation in experts and novices. The study compared FA meditation on an outer visual point to a rest condition durin g which participants do not use meditation and are simply instructed to adopt a neutral baseline state. The meditation condition was associated with activation in multiple brain pieces implicated in monitoring (dorsolateral pre anterior cortex), engaging attention (visual cortex), and attentional orienting (e. g. , the uperior frontal sulcus, the supplementary motor area, and the intraparietal sulcus). Although this meditation-related activation pattern was generally stronger for long-term practitioners compared to IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING MAGAZINE 172 JANUARY 2008 novices, activity in many brain areas involved in FA meditation showed an inverted u-shaped curve for both classes of subjects. Whereas expert meditators with an average of 19,000 practice hours showed stronger activation in these areas than the novices, expert meditators with an average of 44,000 practice hours showed less activation.This inverted u-shaped function resembles the learning curve associated with skill acquis ition in other domains of expertise, such as language acquisition. The findings support the idea that, after extensive FA meditation training, borderline effort is necessary to sustain attentional focus. Expert meditators also showed less activation than novices in the amygdala during FA meditation in response to emotional sounds. activating in this affective region correlated negatively with hours of practice in breeding, as shown in get into 1(a).This finding may support the idea that locomote levels of concentration are associated with a significant decrease in emotionally reactive behaviors that are incompatible with stability of concentration. Collectively, these findings support the view that attention is a trainable skill that can be enhanced by the mental practice of FA meditation. OM MEDITATION Another study 5 recently examined the idea that OM meditation decreases elaborative stimulus processing in a longitudinal study using scalprecorded brain potentials and perfo rmance in an attentional blink task.The consequence of decreased elaborative stimulus processing is that the subject is able to better attend moment-to-moment to the stream of stimuli to which they are exposed and less likely to get stuck on any one stimulus. The attentional blink phenomenon illustrates that the education processing capacity of the brain is limited. More specifically, when two targets T1 and T2, embedded in a rapid stream of events, are presented in close temporal proximity, the insurgent target is often not seen.This deficit is believed to result from competition between the two targets for limited attentional resources, i. e. , when many resources are devoted to T1 processing, too fewer may be available for ulterior T2 processing. The study in 5 found that three months of intensive training in Vipassan? meditation (a common style of a OM meditation) reduced brain-resource allocation to the first target, as reflected in a smaller T1-elicited P3b, a brainpotenti al index of resource allocation. This is illustrated in sign 1(b), which shows the reduction in P3b amplitude.In this figure, the scalp-recorded brain potentials from electrode Pz, time-locked to T1 onset as a function of T2 accuracy detected (no-blink) vesus not detected (blink), time (before or after three months), and group (practitioners versus novices) are shown. The scalp map shows electrode sites where this three-way interaction was significant between 420 and 440 ms. The reduction in brain-resource allocation to T1 was associated with a smaller attentional blink to T2, as shown in Figure 1(c).As participants were not engaged in formal meditation during task performance, these results provide support for the idea that one long-term effect of OM meditation may be reduction in the propensity to get stuck on a target as reflected in less elaborate stimulus processing and the learning of efficient mechanisms to engage and then disengage from target stimuli in response to task d emands. Previous studies 6 of high-amplitude pattern of gamma synchrony in expert meditators during an emotional version of OM meditation support the idea that the state of OM may be best understood in terms of a succession of dynamic globular states.Compared to a group of novices, the adept practitioners self-induced higher amplitude sustained electroencephalography (EEG) gamma-band oscillations and long-distance phase synchrony, in particular over lateral fronto-parietal electrodes, while meditating. Importantly, this pattern of gamma oscillations was also sig- nificantly more pronounced in the baseline state of the long-term practitioners compared with controls, suggesting a transformation in the default mode of the practitioners as shown in Figure 1(g).Although the precise mechanisms are not clear, such synchronizations of oscillatory neural discharges may play a crucial role in the constitution of transient networks that coalesce distributed neural processes into highly order ed cognitive and affective functions. An example of high-amplitude gamma activity during a form of OM meditation, nonreferential compassion meditation, in long-term Buddhist practitioners 6 is shown in Figure 1(d) and (e). The intra-individual analysis of the ratio of gamma to slow oscillations (413 Hz) averaged across all electrodes during compassion meditation is illustrated in Figure 1(f).The abscissa represents the subject numbers, the ordinate represents the inequality in the mean ratio between the initial state and meditative state, and the black and red stars indicate that this increase is greater than two and three times, respectively, the baseline standard deviation. The significant interaction between group (practitioner, control) and state (initial baseline, ongoing baseline, and meditation state) for this ratio is shown in Figure 1(g). The relative gamma increase during meditation was higher in the postmeditation session.In the initial baseline, the relative gamma was a lready higher for the practitioners than the controls and correlated with the length of the long-term practitioners meditation training through life (adapted from 6). SP CHALLENGES While SP has a unique opportunity to contribute to this novel effort to chart the manner in which the brain may be transformed through the mental practice of meditation, there are several associated challenges. Among these challenges are the characterization of different signatures of brain function that distinguish among different meditation practices,IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING MAGAZINE 173 JANUARY 2008 in the SPOTLIGHT continued the parsing of variance in brain activity that may be due to changes in peripheral physiology such as respiration, and the simultaneous measuring of electrical and hemodynamic signals to harness the best temporal and spatial resolution possible. IMPACT ON BRAINCOMPUTER INTERFACES One of the interesting implications of the research on meditation and brain function is that meditation might help to reduce neural noise and so enhance signal-to-noise ratios in certain types of tasks.In contexts where brain-computer interfaces are being developed that are based upon electrical recordings of brain function, training in meditation may facilitate more rapid learning. This idea warrants systematic evaluation in the future. FUTURE WORK Ongoing and future work focuses on a few distinct directions. One of the crucial areas requiring attention is the characterization of changes in connectivity among the various brain circuits that are engaged by these practices. The development of new methods to probe different aspects of connectivity (both structural and functional) leave behind be extremely valuable in furthering this line of inquiry.The goal of such work is to better understand how different circuits are integrated during meditation to produce the behavioral and mental changes that are said to occur as a result of such practices, including the promotion of increased we ll-being. AUTHORS Richard J. Davidson (emailprotected edu) is a director and Antoine Lutz (emailprotected edu) is an associate scientist, both with the Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin-Madison. REFERENCES 1 A. Berger, O. Kofman, U. Livneh, and A. Henik, Multidisciplinary perspectives on attention and the development of self-regulation, Prog.Neurobiol. , vol. 82, no. 5, pp. 256286, 2007. 2 R. A. Poldrack, Neural systems for perceptual skill learning, Behav. Cognit. Neurosc. Rev. , vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 7683, 2002. 3 A. Lutz, J. P. Dunne, and R. J. Davidson, Meditation and the neuroscience of consciousness An introduction, in The Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness, P. D. Zelazo and E. Thompson, Eds. Cambridge, U. K. Cambridge Univ. Press, in press. 4 J. A. Brefczynski-Lewis, A. Lutz, H. S. Schaefer, D. B. Levinson, and R. J. Davidson, Neural correlates of attentional expertise in long-term meditation practitioners, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. , vol. 104, no. 7, pp. 1148311488. 5 H. A. Slagter, A. Lutz, L. L. Greischar, A. D. Francis, S. Nieuwenhuis, J. M. Davis, and R. J. Davidson, Mental training affects use of limited brain resources, PLoS Biol. , vol. 5, no. 6, pp. e13800010008, 2007. 6 A. Lutz, L. Greischar, N. B. Rawlings, M. Ricard, and R. J. Davidson, Long-term meditators self-induce high-amplitude synchrony during mental practice, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. , vol. 101, no. 46, pp. 1636916373, 2004. SP I N D I A N A U N I V E R S I T Y P U R D U E U N I V E R S I T Y F O R T WAY N E FOUNDING DIRECTOR OF THE CENTER OF EXCELLENCE IN radiocommunication COMMUNICATION RESEARCH atomic number 49 University-Purdue University Fort Wayne (IPFW) Department of applied science invites applications and nominations for the position of Founding Director of the Center of Excellence in Wireless Communication Research. Candidates must possess a recognized national reputation for research excellence in the field of receiving set communicat ion. Masters degree required bullheadedness of an earned doctorate in electrical engineering or its equivalent is highly desired. Preference testament be given to candidates with a strong bill of applied research, industry collaboration, and experience in Department of Defense-funded projects.The initial appointment will be for a period of three years with the option for subsequent renewal based upon performance. IPFW is a regional campus of both Indiana University and Purdue University and is the largest university in northeast Indiana. Serving more than 12,000 students and offering more than 180 degree options, IPFW is a comprehensive university with a strong tradition of service to and collaboration with the region. The Department of Engineering offers B. S. degrees in electrical, computer, civil, and mechanical engineering. The M. S. egree in engineering with concentrations in electrical, mechanical, computer, and systems engineering will be launched during the 2007-2008 scho ol year. The department presently includes 16 full-time faculty members and has approximately 300 undergraduate students. The Founding Director of the Center of Excellence in Wireless Communication Research shall have the following responsibilities Establish the Center of Excellence in Wireless Communication Research, emphasizing the practical application of radio set technology for the needs of the regional defense industry.Expand collaboration with industry through sponsored research. Establish a wireless laboratory to support courses in wireless communication. Develop a series of undergraduate courses that would lead to an undergraduate certificate in wireless communication. Develop and teach courses for the Master of Science in Engineering (MSE) electrical engineering concentration that would lead to a graduate certificate in wireless communication. Develop and offer credit and non-credit professional development experiences for regional employees. Participate in IEE E 802. X standards development.Coordinate and host conferences on the application of wireless technology with an emphasis on defense applications and emerging commercial wireless technologies. This position offers a unique opportunity to build a Center of Excellence in Wireless Communication Research and to significantly expand industry-university collaborative research in the fields of wireless networks. IPFW offers a competitive salary and benefits package and an excellent work environment. Fort Wayne is the second largest city in Indiana and is located within several hours of Chicago, Columbus, Cincinnati, Detroit, and Indianapolis.It boasts affordable housing, a low cost of living and a safe environment in which to raise a family. The region is home to seven major defense contractors employing over 1,800 engineers working in the fields of wireless communication, sensor networks, C4, network-centric systems, and defense products. Applicants with extensive industrial rather than u niversity vocation experience will be given serious consideration and are strongly encouraged to apply. Candidates demonstrating extensive contact networks within the business and governmental sectors will be preferred. To apply for this position, please visit our Web site at www. ipfw. obs. Applicants should submit a cover letter addressing wireless communication and DoD experience and experience, resume/vita, statement of research and teaching experience, and the names and contact information for at least three references. The committee will begin review of applications instantaneously and the search will remain open until the position is filled. For additional information regarding IPFW and the Department of Engineering please visit the Web sites at www. engr. ipfw. edu and www. ipfw. edu. ,3) LV DQ (TXDO 2SSRUWXQLW(TXDO $FFHVV$IILUPDWLYH $FWLRQ (PSORHU IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING MAGAZINE 174 JANUARY 2008

Moral Standards in the 1960s-1970s Essay

The English social activist Constance Mary Whiteho ingestion was often renowned for her opposition to social liberalism and mainstream media, which she often claimed to be root cause of a more(prenominal) permissive society in Britain. Although, the extent to which we can deem this view valid is debatable. There is evidence leaning on both sides of the argument barely of course it is unquestionable that Britain did see a sudden uprising of permissiveness and overt moral decline to which Whitehouse responded briskly, founding and setting up the National viewing audience and Listeners Association via which she campaigned against the BBC n the 60s. The question is was she justified in going to these lengths to essentially try and censor media? Surely, if she injected such a vast amount of political campaign into doing so, then she must have some sort of validity in her view? Or perhaps, there were other factors which she did not take into account.The notion of boob tube being the m ain medium of influence of this period is irrefutable, with 95% of British house cut backs owning one by the end of the 1960s. Although the fact that the government set up the committal of Inquiry on Broadcasting could in itself bespeak that media had partial censorship (thus disallowing any real explicit broadcasts which could lead to a moral decline), they did little to stop, and rattling welcomed the hard-hitting social realist plays such as up the junction (1965) and Come Home Cathy (1966), as they were a replacement for the supposedly vulgar American mien programmes on ITV such as Take Your Pick (1958-66) and the Westerns/Crime Dramas which they feared would erode British culture and make pile more violent. Though, these plays did could be argued to have worse the situation as, for example, Up the Junction depicted quite a graphic and powerful home abortion scene, and it is suggested that this may have been one of the causes of the 1967 Abortion turn to be passed which o f course consequently lead to relaxation in attitudes towards sex as there was now an passage, or a life-line a woman could use if any accidental impregnation occurred, thus increasing levels of promiscuousness.Furthermore, in a taste of honey (also part of this social realism movement that swept with theatres in the 60s), as well as abortion again being key factor in it, there is also an occurrence of a one night stand, not an ordinary one night stand however, an interracial one night stand. Although this was a very extreme strip of moral rebellion, critically it could have lead to the British public to perceiving promiscuity as well as interracial relationships (seen as immoral, abnormal at this time) to be more acceptable, a norm. In other words, the British public would in theory be bellowing if she can do it, why cant I? .The Press also have a part to play in this they contributed largely to a new-fashioned permissive air in the media when they initiated their delegate of colour supplements, sexualised adverts and scandalous news stories and significantly the first female nipple was published by media tycoon Rupert Murdoch who believed this would help the circulation of his paper, The Sun. This conveys the extent to which media was now overtly promoting permissiveness, and could suggest that this directly influenced a more permissive society as the public were fully exposed to these new developments which eased them into a new, more open and unmingled mind set.Conversely, there is evidence to suggest that Media was not only prudent for the decline in moral standards, as quoted by Whitehouse. Touching back onto the orbit of press, although it did absolutely encourage some air permissiveness, the Obscene Publications r popines of 1959 and 1964 to an extent conflict that view. These acts were designed to strengthen law around public obscenity, in fussy the publication of obscene articles and materials used in them. This could thus suggest that ther e were in fact some restrictions on media, and that they couldnt possibly fully hold the blame for arousal of permissiveness and decline in moral standards in this period.Additionally, although the powerful scene in Up the Junction could be blamed for the termination of the Abortion Act in 1967,it is commonly known that it only eased the passage of it, and it was primarily David Steels campaign that led the way to this debatably ingrained change. Prior to the Abortion Act, there were approximately 106,000 illegal abortions a year, and many were sceptical about the idea that the number of abortions would increase when the act was passed as they believed although people had the freedom, it wouldnt necessarily mean they would exercise it. They were wrong, after a year in 1968 the number of abortions per annum rose by 35,000 to 141,000 a year. This strongly suggests that the Abortion Act itself influenced a more permissive and unmoral society as it offered more freedom to the public i n regards to sex and promiscuity.Prior to the passing of the dissever Act of 1969, break was only permitted when there was sufficient evidence exhibiting that one party of the relationship had committed adultery, and statistics show that there were few than two divorces per 1000 married couples. The Divorce Reform Act allowed couples to divorce if they had lived apart for two years and both cute it or if they had lived apart for five years and one partner wanted it. Following the reform there was a huge increase in the number of divorces, by the mid-1970s nearly one in every two marriages end in divorce. Although it could be argued that this was due to the growing independence of women, its hard to deny that the act had a large printing on this. This thus indicates to us that media was not entirely responsible for the lack or decline of moral standards as legislation such as this, did essentially promote more promiscuity as it gave married couples the freedom to split up and do as they please.In analysing the range of factors, we can conclude that Mary Whitehouses view that the media was responsible for the morale decline of the 60s and 70s was somewhat valid, as there are a spectrum of sources and pieces of evidence that intrinsically link unneurotic and in turn paint a picture where the British society are heavily influenced by media. This was perhaps due to fact that the public at this time, and still to this day, are heavily consumed by the media and are enthralled in its controversy, and although it may not have so much of a profound effect on us today it is obvious people of that period were more vulnerable to it as just coming out of a period of nonindulgence and slight deprivation, more likely than not they were seeking for something new something fresh, something that kept up with the social norms of other major influences such as America- and perhaps unfortunately, these new trends often entailed social rebellion and permissiveness. And although legislation had a part to play in it, this only ensured de jure change, not always de facto, where as media more times out of 10 had de facto and more profound effect on the British society of the 1960s/70s.

Benefits of Coffee Essay

How much coffee tree have you consumed already this morning? One cup? Or maybe crimson two? Like most college students I enjoy my cup of Joe in the morning Coffee is one of the greatest sources of antioxidants in the global diet. Consuming grownup amounts is not advised, but having reasonable amounts everyday potbelly be very beneficial to your body. Today, I would like to inform you about some of the benefits of drinking coffee. 1. demean Chances of Death.a. Lets face it we are all going to die.b. Appears to lengthen time for people with heart disease and diabetes c. Kristen Kirkpatrick said that a study in 2012 showed that three or more cups of coffee a day lowers the risk of death regardless of whether participants drank caffeinated or decaffeinated coffee. 2. Makes your reproductive system happy.d. Men would you like a drink that could lower your chances for prostate cancer? And ladies wouldnt you like to lower your risk for endometrial cancer? e. Kirkpatrick also says that a 2011 study found that men consuming at least six or more cups a day reduced their risk of prostate cancer by 20 portion Another study published in the Journal Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention found that women who drank more than four cups of coffee a day had a 25 percent lower risk of endometrial cancer. 3. Lower risks of Type 2 diabetes.f. A 2012 study found that a compound in coffee can actually help block a substance in the body called human islet amyloid polypeptide that may play a role in the development of diabetes. Further studies have demonstrated that caffeinated coffee consumption is linked to decreased diabetes risk as well. 4. Protects your brain.g. When you wake up to the smell of coffee in the morning do you usually smile? h. Coffee drinkers are less likely to develop dementia and Alzheimers later in life check to a study done in 2009 i. The smell of coffee can help reduce stress that could be associated with loss of sleep 5. Good for skin.j. boozing coffee may help you to ward off basal cell carcinoma So, the next time you are wondering whether you should have that second cup of coffee to perk you up, relax. At least now you know how it could help you

ASEAN Economic Integration 2015 Essay

As the realness today run lows more complex in term of politics and economic science, in that location argon promises or treaties created in vow to maintain the stabilization and cultivation. One of the signifi fuckt things that most enounces mainly concern active is the economic development as a matter of fact, since the collapse of the Soviet Union, the world has given more priority to the economic development. On top of that, there were creations of free deal out agreement among countries or regions for instance, ASEAN was created in the purpose of regional development especi exclusivelyy in economic. Moreover, ASEAN has proposed an objective to be succeeded in 2015 which is sack outn as the economic integration or ASEAN Economic Community. There atomic number 18 three important factors that lead to the creation of ASEAN economic integration in 2015. First, ASEAN free trade area for free flow of goods is an agreement to reduce the trade barrier across the ASEAN countr ies, found in 1992 (The ASEAN Secretariat, 2012). At first, there were lonesome(prenominal) six subdivisions of ASEAN join and discussing about the free flow of goods during the early 1990s. In 2000, ASEAN has rileed four more members such as Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, and Myanmar, and those countries were non developed much in economic so, as the former six members could reach the similarity development in term of economic, the proposal that was concerned over the free trade area is alleviate existed.It needfully time for the new member states to reach the development as the ASEAN has defined the year 2015 for the economic integration, and it means that the new member states need to develop themselves until they reach the demand from the other member in productivity which it was estimated to be in 2015. Additionally, in order to reach this objective, it needs the entire new member states accommodate higher economic growth and sign for agreement on trade. Once a rustic has fr ee trade, it could lead to the inter subject field challenger and overly exploitation the country. Second, ASEAN framework agreement on services was created in order to limit the flow of services, established in 1995 and also known as the factor preeminent to economic integration (Hai, 2004). The aim of creating this agreement is to promote the free flow of services in the economic integration 2015. As some countries in ASEAN still need to develop, all of the member states entertain to cooperate well among other especially in trade and education. On top of that, scientific transfer from state to state couldlead to the skillful labor forces. While having skillful forces, it makes easier for state to attract the investment.As all of the members consist of skill labors and form as a regional root, they can gain the beginning power in term of production and services. Furthermore, ASEAN leave play more roles in the world economic competition on free flow of services as well as t he productions. Accordingly, it could increase in service foodstuff for instance, Singapore is one of the developed countries that is considered as the knowledge based economic which is referred to the use of services beside productions (Yue, 2001). Another factor that leads to the creation of ASEAN economic integration 2015 is the ASEAN investment agreement (AIA). It is an agreement between the member states for the open and free flow of investment throughout the region as well as to enrich the competitiveness and attraction of Direct Foreign Investment. This agreement focus on four blueprints such as progressive liberalization of investment among member states, enhancing the protection of investors and their investment, improvement of regulations to increase investment, and promotion integrated investment area.Due to these principles, it can contri plainlye a lot advantages to member states mainly for three aspects. First, because of the free flow of investment into the regime, A SEAN has gained the Capital increase. Even when there was the Asiatic Financial crisis, ASEAN remained strong with the growth of threefold accounted from US$ 23 billion in 1998 to US$ 69 billion. Obviously, the intra-ASEAN has also been expanded to US$ 10.7 million, and for the foreign require investment, it keeps growing which accounted for US$ 30.1 billion (2012). Second, AIA is one of main causes that create jobs for most of ASEAN citizens which approximately in total of 600 million people. When there were direct foreign investments, many another(prenominal) factories and companies consumed labor forces to work in their firm therefore, as a result, ASEAN employment rate testament rise remarkably. Last but not least, the economic development is surely achieved by the free flow of investment.There will be advancement in any field such as infrastructures, technology, healthcare, education, etc when it comes to the accessibility to the manufacturing or services. All in all, the A SEAN investment agreement is the driving cause that deliver the goods three important put ons equivalent increasing capital, creating more jobs, and improving economic development. subsequently mentioning about the factors that lead to the ASEAN economic integration2015, we can inferred that it is important for ASEAN to be ready for the economic integration 2015 as it could lead ASEAN to become a highly developed region that plays important role in the world economic.ReferencesHai, T. C. (2004). Mutual Recognition of Surveying Qualifications within the ASEAN Framework Agreement on Services. Fig.net. Retrieved from http//www.fig.net/pub/monthly_articles/november_2004/teo_november_2004.pdf The ASEAN Secretariat. (2012). The ASEAN isolated Trade Area. Asean.org. Retrieved from http//www. asean.org/communities/asean-economic-community/category/overview-10 Yue, C.S. (2001). Singapore Towards a Knowledge- base Economy. Retrieved fromhttp//www.d1074616.domain.com/worldcapitalinstitute /makciplatform/files/Singapore_Towards%20k-Economy_0.pdf Topic Preparing for the ASEAN Economic Community 2015 What Can We and Government Do?The Practice of Liberalism in the ASEAN Economic Community changing Challenges into Positive Opportunities for the Success of Indonesia in the ASEAN Economic Community in 2015ASEAN Economic Community or commonly called the AEC will be realized in the adjacent two years. AEC planned to take place in 2015. In order to realize the AEC in 2015, all ASEAN countries should liberalize trade in free grounds of goods, services, investment, skilled labor, and freer flow of capital, as listed in the AEC blueprint. Based on this, the ASEAN Economic Community can be used as a container for the potential benefit for the countries incorporated in it, but on the other hand also simultaneously AEC can be a boomerang effect for countries that are not yet ready to face the AEC in 2015. Therefore, the free market which will be implemented in the 2015 AEC makes the countries who are members of ASEAN are competing to prepare its resources in order to compete and survive in a free competition because they do not want to become victims of exploitation in the AEC 2015. Indonesia as one of the countries that are members of the ASEAN community is also incorporated in this economic integration.Preparation of Indonesia in facing the AEC 2015 which is getting closer to the finish line isinteresting to discussed, given the euphory in welcoming the 2015 AEC Indonesia is still not so pronounced, whereas the 2015 AEC will begin in two years. In this case if Indonesia does not merely want to be a spectator of the exploited towards the existence of economic integration in ASEAN (AEC), Indonesia needs to realize the integrated challenges that will be faced in the implementation of the AEC in 2015. It aims to make Indonesia can change the challenges they face into opportunities in order to get benefits due the AEC 2015. In analyzing the challenges to be f aced by Indonesia, I would like to use the perspective of the theory of liberalism considering that the establishment of the AEC as a free trade area, single market aims to make ASEAN more dynamic and competitive market which is the implementation of liberalism. The liberal understanding of international political economy as an application of the theory and methodology of international economics that separates the interaction between economics and politics.The existence of a strong and active role in the mechanism of the market has eclipsed the government authorities who are the main actors of the country. Economics and politics are two arenas are supposed to be separated and each operating according to the rules of logic and its own logic. Because liberals believe that economic factors are the determinant of all social forgees and then according to them that international political economic phenomena can be explained by the various existing theories in economics. Linked to the cha llenges faced by Indonesia in AEC 2015 was that the implementation of the liberalism in the economic field may be adversely affected because there is no one system that was created in this world is perfect. The following are the negative impacts of the implementation of the liberalization of the economy First liberalism in the world economy can magnify the gap between countries. Second, liberalism will create a dependency relationship between rich countries with poor countries. Third, the market mechanism system will cause adverse monopoly power.Fourth, Liberalism tends to bring unbalance in the economy. Based on the four negative impact of liberalism, we will know how the challenges faced by Indonesia significantly and further more we can know the appropriate ways in facing the challenges toward ASEAN Economic Community 2015. The first negative impact of the implementation of liberalism is liberalism in the world economy can enlarge the gap between countries. The liberalization of various sectors of the economy will createfree competition in the world market. It means, when free competition occurs, then the countries that have relatively high takes of the economy will be stronger, while those with relatively low levels of the economy will be weak. In this case the economic level ASEAN countries are very diverse. Specifically, the level of economic progress in ASEAN classified into (1) a group of developed countries (Singapore), (2) a dynamic group of countries (Malaysia and Thailand), (3) group of middle-income countries (Indonesia, the Philippines and Brunei Darussalam), and (4 ) group of underdeveloped countries (Cambodia, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam). It is unfortunate that position of Indonesia based on the economic level in ASEAN is in the group of middle income countries.Though Indonesia to all its potential and its resources can be make itself as a big country compared to other ASEAN countries. It is caused by conditions in the Indonesian national which t ends to be unstable. not only economic, but also political stability in Indonesia was not stable Moreover when we link to the increase corruption case that lately occurred in Indonesia. So in order to overcome this problem required an integrative solution formulated by the national government to improve national conditions in Indonesia. The solution does not only focus on economic reform but also to improve political stability to run healthier. Infrastructure Improvements, reform the institutional and political science in order to have integrated coordination, and improving the quality of human resources in Indonesia are three main keys to deal the challenges faced by Indonesia in AEC 2015. Second, liberalism will create a dependency relationship between rich countries with poor countries. One problem that occurs is the policy of privatization of State Owned Enterprises (SOE)/(BUMN) a country that is purchased by a foreign country as a consequence of liberalization. Because the sta te considers itself no longer able to manage and finance the production process of the SOEs, though generally an entity or SOE firms that are closely related to lives of many people.So it does not rule out the influence of one countries to the other countries aptitude have a strong influence. In this case, the government should be firmly protecting state-owned property because no denying that with the ASEAN economic community of state sovereignty would fade. It mustiness have been the challenge for Indonesia in which Indonesia should build the externalize of dignity as a strong state despite sharing sovereignty between ASEANcountries. Not only has the strong ability of diplomacy Indonesian government should also set up a strong military device to build an image as a big country. Third, the market mechanism system will cause adverse monopoly power. It means, if in practice a developing country cannot lodge itself to free trade competition in AEC 2015, it can be said that country would only be a victim of other major countries which are able to dominate the market. It can be ascertained that the products made in state are victims of free trade can be dead in the market. In this issue, Indonesia should know the economic actors who will compete at the AEC 2015.Where we know that most of the Indonesian economic actors come from entrepreneurs who run Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). SMEs engaged in various economic activities which are now considered by all stakeholders as an important sector in addressing the problems faced by the nations unemployment and poverty. The role of SMEs that currently there were approximately 55 million units and businesses throughout Indonesia, not only expected to increase employment, and tackle the problem of unemployment, but it also can accelerate regional development. It implies that the role of government is no longer only help the growth of SMEs in the national level, but how to make Indonesian SMEs can compete in the gl obal marketplace. At least, there are three main problems faced by SMEs in Indonesia (1) the issue of financing for capital, (2) technological issues which some SMEs still have not been able to optimize existing technology, (3) marketing issues. Associated to the three problems mentioned above, the government should focus on solving the problem of SMEs in Indonesia given that economic actors in Indonesia are mostly SMEs.The solution is intended to provide micro-credit in the financing of capital and also not forget to provide integrated technical training on the technology used and also how to market their products efficiently. Fourth, liberalism tends to bring instability in the economy. In the free trade later, AEC 2015 will lead to price volatility and exchange rates tend to be irregular. This condition will increase the uncertainty in the national economy when a country cannot use it properly. In order to maintain economic stability and to avoid improper policy making, Indonesia n government who has responsibility in monetary economy policy and Indonesian Banks as a central bank who has responsibility in monetary economic policy makers must collaborate in analyzing free market in the 2015AEC.In short, ASEAN Economic Community that will be implemented in the next few years is not only opportunities but also cause threats to ASEAN countries, including Indonesia. Whether Indonesia will be a state that can take the opportunity to improve their economic or otherwise become a country that is only going to become victims of exploitation for other countries is a challenge and result of Indonesias preparation in facing AEC 2015. Based on the perspective of liberalism, AEC 2015 which imposes free trade among ASEAN countries poses challenges to be faced by the ASEAN countries including Indonesia. These challenges can be overcome to proper preparation of the Indonesian government to national development programs that are appropriate and sustainable in the various sect ors in order to achieve the success of Indonesia in the ASEAN Economic Community 2015.BibliographyIkbar, Yanuar.2013.Ekonomi Politik Global 1.Bandung Rafika Aditama http//www.asean.org/communities/asean-economic-community accessed on Monday, 9 December 2013. Indra Maipita. Liberalisasi dan Globalisasi Perdagangan. 2002. Retrieved from http//www.scribd.com/doc/13312233/LIBERALISASI-DAN-GLOBALISASI-PERDAGANGAN-INTERNASIONAL-by-Indra-Maipita accessed on Monday, 9 December 2013. Departemen Perdagangan Republik Indonesia Buku Menuju ASEAN Economic Community 2015. (http//ditjenkpi.kemendag.go.id/website_kpi/Umum/Setditjen/Buku%20Menuju%20ASEAN%20ECONOMIC%20COMMUNITY%202015.pdf). http//www.smescoindonesia.com/infos/news/read/95 accessed on Tuesday, December 10, 2013. http//finance.detik.com/read/2013/10/05/104457/2378640/1036/di-forum-apec-2013-syarief-hasan-beberkan-3-masalah-ukm-indonesia accessed on Tuesday, December 10, 2013. 2 . http//www.asean.org/communities/asean-economic-community accessed on Monday, 9 December 2013. 3 . Indra Maipita. Liberalisasi dan Globalisasi Perdagangan. 2002. Retrieved from http//www.scribd.com/doc/13312233/LIBERALISASI-DAN-GLOBALISASI-PERDAGANGAN-INTERNASIONAL-by-Indra-Maipita accessed on Monday, 9 December 2013. 4 . Departemen Perdagangan Republik Indonesia Buku Menuju ASEAN Economic Community 2015. (http//ditjenkpi.kemendag.go.id/website_kpi/Umum/Setditjen/Buku%20Menuju%20ASEAN%20ECONOMIC%20COMMUNITY%202015.pdf). 5 . http//www.smescoindonesia.com/infos/news/read/95 accessed on Tuesday, December 10, 2013. 6 . Ibid. 7 . http//finance.detik.com/read/2013/10/05/104457/2378640/1036/di-forum-apec-2013-syarief-hasan-beberkan-3-masalah-ukm-indonesia accessed on Tuesday, December 10, 2013.